The copper component creates oxidation vulnerabilities that limit stability compared to other peptides
Human haptoglobins
4 Nrf2 binds antioxidant response elements (AREs) and induces phase II detoxification enzymes, including glutathione S transferases (GSTs), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) hydrogen [NAD(P)H] quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and enzymes for GSH synthesis
He made the note in his 1855 notebook (credit: Habert, Wikipedia)
Glutathione s-transferases (GST) are a group of enzymes that work in concert with glutathione, and they are critical for removal of many toxins
The levocarnitine component may provide a marginal enhancement, particularly for fat oxidation efficiency and potentially for lean mass preservation, but the evidence for the specific combination is theoretical rather than proven